Practice areas of our law office
Commercial, Corporate and Contracts Law
Capital Markets Law
Intellectual Property (IP) Law
Litigation and Dispute Resolution
Corporate and Merger & Acquisitions
Digital Banking Law
Legal Compliance
Law of Crypto Assets
Technological Investments Law
Previously published articles on legal developments
02 October 2024
Announcement Regarding Mandatory Assurance Audits for Corporate Sustainability Reports...
24 September 2024
Turkey’s Green Taxonomy has been shared with the public by the Climate Change Directorate...
16 September 2024
The European Union's Digital Euro Project and Expected Developments in 2025...
16 September 2024
EU Regulation on Preventing Deforestation...
15 September 2024
The European Commission has signed the Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law...
08 September 2024
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act...
08 September 2024
Evaluation of Digital Games as Works within the Scope of FSEK...
08 September 2024
AM General LLC v. Activision Blizzard, Inc....
03 September 2024
Electronic Money Law No. 6493 and MetaMask Card and Payment Transactions in the Light of the Central Bank's Crypto Assets Regulation...
29 August 2024
Deeper Look into The Monetary Authority of Singapore’s “Project Guardian”...
29 August 2024
An Explanatory Report on Real World Assets...
20 August 2024
U.S. Passes the Financial Technology Protection Act of 2023...
16 August 2024
Capital Markets Board Publishes Principle Decision on the Establishment Conditions of Crypto Asset Service Provider Companies...
08 August 2024
Tax Exemption for Employees of Tech-Initiative Companies, But a New Tax Base for Employers...
06 August 2024
Proposal for Amendment to the Law on Consumer Protection Submitted...
05 August 2024
Central Bank of Qatar: Guide to Distributed Ledger Technology...
29 July 2024
Periodic Report from the European Central Bank: Stablecoins...
26 July 2024
Work Commenced Following the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy Action Plan...
25 July 2024
Amendments To The Capital Markets Law Was Published...
19 July 2024
Microsoft in Legal Dimension - CrowdStrike Failure: Global IT Outage...
17 July 2024
The Regulation on the Procedures and Principles Regarding the Transfer of Personal Data Abroad Has Been Published...
28 June 2024
The Artificial Intelligence Law Proposal ("Proposal"), which envisages regulations on artificial intelligence technologies ("Artificial Intelligence"), was submitted to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey ("TBMM") on 24.06.2024....
26 June 2024
Geçtiğimiz mayıs ayında uzun süredir merakla beklenen “Dijital Telif Yasası” gündemiyle ilk toplantısını gerçekleştiren TBMM Dijital Mecralar Komisyonu, Milletvekili Hüseyin Yayman başkanlığında toplan...
13 June 2024
Demystifying Tokenization: Dispelling Myths, Explaining Silenced Interest and Setting the Starting Point for Regulation...
29 May 2024
Law No. 7511 on the Amendment of the Turkish Commercial Code and Certain Laws Has Been Published...
24 May 2024
Companies and Businesses When, How Will They Have to Comply with the European Union Artificial Intelligence Act?...
22 May 2024
Unlocking the Potential of AI for Your Company, Startup, and Business While Ensuring Compliance with AI Law...
21 May 2024
Developments In Artificial Intelligence And Current Status Around The World...
21 May 2024
Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy, and the Rule of Law...
20 May 2024
The IMF has released an internal insight paper on the design and policy considerations for cross-border payments with central bank digital currencies (CBDCs)....
16 May 2024
Responsible Artificial Intelligence in Financial Markets...
13 May 2024
Reverse Solicitation Under The Markets In Crypto Assets Regulation (MİCA)...
09 May 2024
EBA has published the final draft of technical standards under the Regulation of Crypto Asset Markets....
07 May 2024
The Report on Intellectual Property Rights for the Development of Artificial Intelligence Technologies...
06 February 2024
Protection Of Personal Data In The Gaming Industry...
06 February 2024
The Personal Data Protection Board’s Decision On Crypto Assets Service Providers...
01 February 2024
After the KVKK (Personal Data Protection Authority) Decision on Gaming Companies, Legal Compliance in the Gaming Industry...
23 January 2024
Blockchain Turkey Platform (BCTR) Financial Services, Banking and Insurance Working Group published the “Tokenization: The Future of Money and Asset System” report....
17 January 2024
The Constitutional Court's decision numbered 2020/76 E. 2023/172 K. dated 11/10/2023 was published in the Official Gazette dated 10/01/2024 and numbered 32425....
11 January 2024
The Constitutional Court decision dated 12.10.2203 and application number 2020/7518 was published in the Official Gazette dated 15.12.2023....
17 December 2023
Veri güvenliğini sağlamaya yönelik gerekli teknik ve idari tedbirlerin alınmadığından Kişisel Verileri Koruma Kurulu tarafından uygulanan idari para cezasının mülkiyet hakkını ihlal ettiği iddiasına ilişkindir....
10 November 2023
The Regulation Amending the Regulation on Payment Services and Electronic Money Issuance as well as Payment Service Providers dated December 1, 2021....
28 September 2023
Bugün 22/09/2023 tarihli Resmi Gazete'de Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2022/109 Esas 2023/125 Sayılı kararı yayımlanmıştır....
29 July 2023
On 25th July 2023, the Decision of the Personal Data Protection Board has been published in the Official Gazette. The decision aims to make changes to the exception criteria regarding the obligation to register with the Data Controllers Registry....
12 June 2023
In the Official Gazette dated 27 May 2023 and numbered 32203, two regulations to be taken into consideration by electronic money institutions...
31 May 2023
A Legal and Sectoral Review in Light of Google's Decision to Add Turkey to the List of Countries Allowed to Publish Licensed Applications for Real Money Gambling on Google Play...
04 May 2023
The Markets in Crypto Assets (“MiCA”/ “the Regulation”) regulation is a new set of regulations being introduced by the European Union to govern the use of cryptocurrencies and other digital assets within its member states....
25 April 2023
The Regulation Amending the Regulation on the Sale of Refurbished Products was prepared and entered into force by the Ministry of Trade on April 18, 2023....
01 February 2023
In the Official Gazette dated January 28, 2023, the Communiqué on the Re-determination of the Minimum Equity Amounts of Payment and Electronic Money Institutions was published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey....
26 December 2022
The Bulletin covers capital market instruments with approved prospectus/issuance documents, new activity permits, criminal complaints, sanctions and measures, changes in shareholding structure, application results and other special cases....
23 December 2022
On October 21, 2022, the Constitutional Court's decision dated 14/9/2022 with application number 2018/25857 was published in the Official Gazette....
23 December 2022
On November 17, 2022, the Financial Crimes Investigation Board published a General Communiqué in the Official Gazette....
22 December 2022
Under the first section of the Capital Markets Bulletin numbered 2022/71 and dated 21/12/2022, under the heading "Criminal Complaint, Administrative Fines and Other Sanctions and Measures", trading bans were imposed on certain persons....
19 December 2022
On December 13, 2022, the Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA) amended the Regulation on the Procedures and Principles Regarding the Registered Electronic Mail System (Regulation) published in 2011....
19 December 2022
The Regulation on Payment Services and Electronic Money Issuance and Payment Service Providers ('Regulation') has been amended with the regulation published in the Official Gazette dated November 25, 2022....
01 September 2022
The long-awaited decision on export supports in the field of e-commerce was published in the Official Gazette dated 25.08.2022 as the Presidential Decree on E-Export Supports (''Decree or Decision'')....
24 August 2022
On 23.08.2022, the Regulation Amending the Regulation on Distance Contracts was published in the Official Gazette. In the amendments, the expansion of the obligations of intermediary service providers stands out....
09 July 2022
Law No. 7407 on Certain Amendments to Banking Law, Certain Laws and Statutory Decree No. 655 (“Law”), which was approved by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on May 26, 2022, published in the Official Gazette dated May 28, 2022....
04 July 2022
The Proposal Amending the Law on the Regulation of Electronic Commerce (“Proposal”) has been accepted in the Turkish Parliamentary Committee on Industry, Commerce, Energy, Natural Resources, Information and Technology...
23 May 2022
Presidential Decision No. 5447 (“Decision”) on the Internationalization of the Turkish Informatics Sector and the E-Turquality (Stars of Informatics) Program was published in the Official Gazette and entered into force on 20 April 2020....
04 April 2022
The first amendment made to the Consumer Protection Law No. 6502 (“Law”) is on default of the consumer in installment sales contracts, which is regulated under the Article 19 of the Law....
27 January 2022
In the application issued by Keskin Kalem Publishing and Trade Inc. and et. al., it is argued that imposition of access blocking decisions to a number of news published on internet news sites constitutes a violation of freedoms of speech and press...
05 January 2022
On 29 December 2021, Regulation on Digital Banking and Banking as a Service was published in the Official Gazette....
07 November 2021
The alleged breach of personal data is based on the seizure of evidence submitted in a divorce case and the illegality of this procedure....
07 November 2021
On October 27, 2021, based on Article 35/A of the Capital Market Law, a communique was published by Capital Markets Board (“Board”) to regulate the procedures and principles regarding the debt-based and share-based crowdfunding....
22 September 2021
Personal Data Protection Board (“Board”) has published summaries of 20 recent Decision on 2 and 9 of August....
02 September 2021
In the gaming industry, TOGED LAW BOARD, consisting of experienced names in the field of informatics, technology, trade, companies, and contract law, especially in game law, was formed and started to work....
19 August 2021
With the Tax Procedure Law Communique published on 13 July 2021, legal entities and unincorporated entities are obligated to notify the real beneficiary information in an up-to-date, complete and accurate manner....
28 May 2021
The Capital Markets Board issued the Share-Based Crowdfunding Communique in 2019 regarding share-based crowdfunding, which is one of the types of crowdfunding that was legitimatized in our country in 2017....
20 May 2021
As is known, crypto assets service providers were included in the MASAK obligators with the amendment made to the Regulation on Measures to Prevent Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing (“Regulation on Measures”) on 01 May 2021....
07 May 2021
At the meeting of the Advertisement Board held on 04.05.2021 and numbered 309, the “Guideline on Commercial Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices by Social Media Influencers” accepted as the resolution numbered 2021/2, has been published....
24 April 2021
The "Regulation on the Amendment of the Domain Names Regulation" has become effective after being promulgated in the Official Gazette dated 20.04.2021....
18 April 2021
We would like to put into words what generally announce at last. Cryptocurrencies are not banned....
17 April 2021
The Communiqué on Notification and Registration of Bearer Shares to the Central Registry Agency ("Communiqué") entered into force after being published in the Official Gazette dated April 6, 2021 and numbered 31446....
17 April 2021
Turkish Central Bank's Regulation on Not Using Crypto-Assets in Payments (“Regulation”) was published in the Official Gazette....
12 April 2021
The Regulation on Remote Identification Methods to be Used by Banks and Establishment of Contractual Relations in Electronic Environment , which was shared by the Turkish Banking Regulatory and Supervisory Board months ago, was published in the...
06 April 2021
KVKK announced on its website that the deadline for registering the VERBIS has been extended by considering that data controllers have been struggling to fulfill the obligation to register due to the COVID-19 outbreak....
16 February 2021
Message Management System (MMS) is a national database system that allows service providers to store and manage the consents that they receive from the recipients to send electronic messages via call, SMS and e-mail....
31 January 2021
The following information is regarding the “22.12.2020 dated 2020/966 numbered Resolution of the Personal Data Protection Board (the “Board") which is published on 15.01.2021 dated and 31365 numbered Official Gazette....
25 January 2021
The Presidential Decree No. 85, issued on September 12, 2018 Article 1 added the following paragraph to the Decree No. 32, issued on August 7, 1989 Article 4. ‘Residents in Turkey...
11 September 2020
The Regulation on the Amendment to the Trade Registry Regulation was published in the Official Gazette dated 12 December 2019 and entered into force....
11 September 2020
The Regulation on Amendments to the Regulation on Commercial Communication and Commercial Electronic Messages has been published in the Official Gazette dated January 4, 2020....
08 October 2024
Conditions For Providing Services As An Integrator Within The Scope Of The Communication Management System...
08 October 2024
Operation of Foreign Crypto Asset Service Providers in Turkey...
08 October 2024
Capital Markets Board's Principle Decision for Crypto Asset Service Provider Companies...
05 October 2024
The European Union Data Act and the European Union Data Management Act...
01 October 2024
The Charges Brought Against Trusttoken and Truecoin by the SEC and Their Outcomes...
01 October 2024
Climate Change, Corporate Governance, and the Duty of Care and Diligence of Directors: A Legal Assessment...
24 September 2024
Legal Review Of The Draft Turkey Green Taxonomy Regulation...
21 September 2024
Review of the OECD Report on “Regulatory Approaches to Artificial Intelligence in the Financial Sector”...
16 September 2024
EU Regulation on Preventing Deforestation...
06 September 2024
Data Security Threats Arising with the Development of Quantum Computers, New Encryption Standards Determined by NIST and Encryption in Turkish Law...
02 September 2024
Tokenization Studies in Banking Law: A Review of the German Banking Industry Committee and the Proposal for Tokenized Commercial Bank Money...
29 August 2024
The Future of Custody in a Tokenized World...
26 August 2024
Legalization of Paying Salaries in Cryptocurrencies in Dubai: Legal Advantages and Disadvantages, Could it be Implemented in Turkey?...
16 August 2024
Russia's New Legalization Regulations on Crypto Asset Use and Considerations for Banks and Crypto Asset Service Providers...
14 August 2024
The Antitrust Ruling Against Google and Its Implications for the Tech World...
09 August 2024
Legal Sources of Information Systems Security Regulations in Financial Markets and Their Assessment for Crypto Asset Service Providers...
08 August 2024
BTK Decides to Block Access to Instagram...
27 June 2024
Internal governance encompasses the standards and principles for establishing the strategies and risk management frameworks for issuers of Asset-Referenced Tokens (ARTs...
31 May 2024
WIPO Member States Accepted an Agreement on Intellectual Property, Genetic Resources, and Related Traditional Knowledge of New and Historical Nature...
22 May 2024
Digital Services Act (DSA) Enacted in the European Union...
02 May 2024
The Role Of Meta In The Digital Market And The Competition Board's Practice Of Preventive Measures...
24 April 2024
TESCO Lost The Legal Battle Against LIDL...
12 March 2024
Earnings obtained by real persons only by exporting services after software development are supported with some advantages in terms of tax laws....
25 February 2024
Patenting Software with Applications in Turkey...
21 February 2024
In this article, the tax status of people who are commonly called "influencers” will be discussed....
21 January 2024
What will the new crypto regulation in Turkey bring? Will there be taxes? Will foreign exchanges be banned? Lawyer - Associate Professor Dr. Mete TEVETOĞLU answers....
20 January 2024
Decision of the Personal Data Protection Board dated 28/09/2023...
12 January 2024
Administrative institutions continue to diligently scrutinize whether rapidly rising and enriching social media companies have been acting in accordance with the law over the past decade....
11 January 2024
In accordance with the Turkish Patent and Trademark Office's Article 26 of the Civil Code, the "brand cancellation authority" came into force as of January 10, 2024....
19 December 2023
Judicial Review of Sanctions Imposed by the Personal Data Protection Board in the Context of Interference with Fundamental Rights...
30 October 2023
A Lawsuit Filed Against Elon Musk's X Corp by Marketing Company X Social Media LLC, Alleging Trademark Infringement of the "X" Brand...
21 October 2023
The digitalization of services in the age of digitalization, their transfer to digital platforms, and the provision of services in these environments have led to the taxation of revenue, creating a legal framework for digital service tax....
08 October 2023
As claimed in the lawsuit filed by the authors, the issue that OpenAI "benefits and profits from the unauthorized and illegal use" of copyrighted content has been reopened for discussion....
23 September 2023
Due to Ripple's atypical nature as a cryptocurrency asset, the SEC v. Ripple case also stands out as an unusual legal example....
23 September 2023
It seems that there is still no clear roadmap regarding the impact of NFTs on the financial rights of artworks, and more legal clarification and regulation may be necessary in this regard....
23 September 2023
Staking of crypto assets does not appear to be prohibited by legislation; however, it should be noted that each situation may require a detailed legal analysis....
23 September 2023
In this article, it is discussed that there is legal ambiguity and deficiencies in payment transactions and crypto assets in Turkey, and the need for rectifying this issue or canceling the regulation is debated....
12 September 2023
Year's Most Surprising Fashion Face-off: Barbie Vs. Burberry: Mattel, the Manufacturer of Barbie Toys, Objects to Burberry's "Brby" Brand Application...
05 September 2023
Acceptance of Remote Legal Entity Customers and Other Changes Under MASAK Legislation...
03 September 2023
In this article, we will examine the case brought by the CFTC, another actor taking steps towards cryptocurrency asset regulation in the United States, against Ooki DAO, a decentralized autonomous organization (DAO)....
24 August 2023
Assessment of Dark Commercial Designs in Light of the Decisions of Advertising Board, Decision Number 336 Dated 08.08.2023...
16 August 2023
The family of Kemal Sunal, had filed copyright lawsuits against production and film companies regarding the unauthorized distribution of the films in which the artist had roles during the 1970s and 1980s, beyond their theatrical screenings...
09 August 2023
The European Union digital markets law begins to be implemented as of 02 May 2023....
24 July 2023
A series of changes have been approved by the OECD Committee on Fiscal Affairs in the 'Cryptocurrency Asset Reporting Framework and Common Reporting Standard for Automatic Exchange of Information on Tax Matters, for the period 2022/2023...
19 July 2023
Ron Aksoy and Dave Durden, “pleaded guilty to charges of conspiracy with others to smuggle counterfeit goods and attempted mail and wire fraud ” at his plea hearing on June 5th, 2023....
10 July 2023
ChatGPT has allegedly exposed the claim that it made a mistake and embezzled funds from radio host Mark Walters' non-profit organization in Georgia....
07 July 2023
On behalf of Istanbul taxi drivers, the United Taxi Drivers Association and the Istanbul Chamber of Automobile Tradesmen filed "unfair competition" lawsuits with the Istanbul 10th and 11th Commercial Courts of First......
05 July 2023
Evaluation Of The Discussions On The Copyrights Of Tattoo Artists In Computer Games In Terms Of The Spatial Reality Perception Exception An Unusual Limit Of Intellectual Rights...
26 June 2023
Motion capture technique is the process of placing motion markers on a moving object and detecting the object's movements with a specialized camera, followed by the placement of a three-dimensional model of the object onto a computer environment....
19 June 2023
The reasons behind the SEC's lawsuits against Binance and Zhao, and their implications for the cryptocurrency industry and the legal framework in the U.S., will be discussed...
17 June 2023
Seminar on Copyright Protection in Esports and Digital Games organized by the Intellectual and Industrial Property Rights Commission of the Istanbul Bar Association...
12 June 2023
Regulation Amending the Regulation on Remote Identification Methods to be Used by Banks and Establishment of Contractual Relationship in Electronic Environment published in the Official Gazette dated 25 May 2023 and numbered 32201...
10 June 2023
In a press release[1] issued on June 6th, 2023, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filed a lawsuit against Coinbase, Inc., a crypto asset exchange and digital asset company founded in May 2012...
02 June 2023
Design creates an image of an aesthetic form formed by the elaboration of a product in one's mind. Legal experts and designers, on the other hand, have different approaches to the concept of design....
26 May 2023
The European Union continues its legislative efforts unabated, aiming to regulate and harmonize the rapidly developing field of artificial intelligence, which has consequences within many branches of law....
18 May 2023
The word metaverse is a combination of the Ancient Greek "meta" meaning "beyond" and "verse" meaning "universe" as the final part of the Western word "universe"....
18 May 2023
Money laundering refers to the process of disguising illegally obtained assets as if they were obtained legally....
10 May 2023
DABUS14, Dr. It is an artificial intelligence system developed by Stephen Thaler and has already made two inventions15....
10 May 2023
It is of great importance for investors and those who plan to establish a start-up to follow the incentives provided through taxation, in other words, tax exemptions, exemptions and reductions through new legal regulations....
03 May 2023
The Personal Data Protection Board ("Board") published a number of decision summaries on 24.04.2023....
25 April 2023
With the development of Robot Bees, the aim is to produce alternative solutions; It is to ensure the continuity of pollination and fertilization of plants with the extinction of bee species with climate change....
25 April 2023
Although there isn’t necessarily a specific area of law that is traditionally framed as start-up law, such as criminal law or civil law, start-up law is infact a reality....
14 April 2023
An evaluation in the light of the Italian Data Protection Authority's decision on ChatGPT to temporarily prohibit the processing of Italian users' data...
14 April 2023
Whether or not fragrances can be registered as trademarks has always been a matter of debate by the European Union. Likewise, it is a matter of curiosity to what extent it can be made applicable to Turkish Law....
12 April 2023
BlockFi was founded in October 2017 in Jersey City, New Jersey, with a store opening by Zac Prince and Flori Marquez....
23 December 2022
To keep pace with the recently changing online circumstances, the European Commission presented in December 2020 a suite of two-law digital services....
23 December 2022
The changing and transforming technology of the blockchain leads to the fact that it does not only have an impact on crypto assets, but also affects and transforms traditional capital market instruments....
23 November 2022
14 Nisan 2022’de Elon Musk, Twitter’ı satın almak için 44 milyarlık bir teklifte bulunarak gündeme gelmişti. 27 Ekim itibariyle Musk, Twitter’ı satın aldı. Bunu takip eden 2-3 haftada ise tam anlamıyla bir kaos ve kargaşa içine girildi....
18 August 2022
Varlık Barışı Yasası yenilendi. Önceki Varlık Barışı Yasası önemli avantajlar sunuyordu. Kayıt dışı, yurt dışında bulunan veya yurt içinde ekonomiye dahil olmayan birçok varlığın aktif şekilde ekonomiye dahil edilmesi için önemli destekler sunuyordu....
22 July 2022
Young Entrepreneur Incentives were first revised with the first article of the Law No. 6663 and the abolished 20th article of the Income Tax Law....
26 October 2020
IV. International Symposium on Intellectual Property Law...
02 June 2020
Current Legal Issues Symposium in the Time of Coronavirus...
18 June 2021
Blockchain Regulations and Application Examples in the World - BCTR Webinar...
28 May 2021
Law of the Gaming World - IAB Gaming Webinar...
19 January 2021
The Effects Of Technology From Artificial Intelligence To Intellectual And Industrial Rights...
12 May 2021
Investment and Intellectual Property Processes in Game Startups with Mete Tevetoglu...
22 February 2021
Advocacy in the Field of Capital Market Law...
22 May 2022
Legal Aspects of Crypto Assets and Initial Offering of Crypto Assets...
10 October 2019
An Old But Timeless Debate “Loot Box”...
30 October 2018
GDPR vs KVKK – The Beginning of the End?...
10 January 2018
Analysis of Digital Resurgence in Terms of Intellectual Rights...
06 December 2017
Analysis of a Current Court Decision Regarding Using Someone Else's Brand or Design in Digital Games...
30 April 2017
What is the Law on Payment Services and Electronic Money Institutions?...
16 March 2017
Is the Sale of Gaming Accounts or Assets Legally Possible?...
08 March 2017
How Should the Gaming Industry Compliance with the Law on the Protection of Personal Data?...
05 February 2017
In our article on Electronic Sports Law and not Sports Law, we will endeavor to provide a general overview of the rules and developments brought by the regulation on sports in France....
16 April 2022
Is that what the market has become, a prohibition of cryptocurrency? No, there is no rule that makes existing crypto money a prohibited product through the regulation. Likewise, the crypto money supply is no longer banned....
13 November 2020
The concept of Initial Coin Offering, in short, “ICO”, came into our lives with the emergence of Block Chain technology and Bitcoin....
02 November 2020
The interest in Bitcoin and the cryptography developed by Block Chain technology is increasing every day. Investments in Bitcoin and altcoins and economic and legal discussions on the subject are also deepening....
11 May 2020
Does the BDDK’s manipulation and deceptive transaction regulation cover crypto money or crypto monetary transactions?...
29 April 2020
“What is BITCOIN? Is it legal?" They sought answers to their questions. However, they could not reach an agreed conclusion and answer on this issue. Because, in fact, there is no single answer to these questions, at least for now....
19 May 2022
Nft as a New Digital Product and Its Importance in Intellectual Property Law...
19 May 2022
Legal Problems Caused by Digital Advertising and Solution Proposals...
19 May 2022
Evalutions Regarding the Arrangements Panned to be Done With the Electronic Check and Bills Law Offer...